[2] T.C. Schneirla (1944) "A unique case of circular milling in ants, considered in relation to trail following and the general problem of orientation," American Museum Novitates, 1253:1–26.
[3] S. Milgram(1963) "Behavioral Study of Obedience," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 67: 371–378.
[8] C. W. Reynolds (1987) "Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model, " Proc. of the 14th annual con-ference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, ACM Press, pp. 25–34.
[9] C. W. Reynolds (1999) "Steering behaviors for autonomous characters," Proc. of Game Developers Conference.
[11] M. Ballerini, N. Cabibbo, R. Candelier, A. Cavagna, E. Cisbani, I. Giardina, V. Lecomte, A. Orlandi, G. Parisi, A. Procaccini, M. Viale and V. Zdravkovic (2007) "Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: Evidence from a field study," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
T.C. Schneirla (1944) "A unique case of circular milling in ants, considered in rela-tion to trail following and the general prob-lem of orientation," American Museum No-vitates, 1253:1–26.
後來不小心在《The Wisdom of Crowds》這本書中得知有Circular Mill這生物現象, 而且書上的描述跟我的模擬現象相當吻和,於是進一步找到下面這篇paper,
T.C. Schneirla (1944) "A unique case of circular milling in ants, considered in rela-tion to trail following and the general prob-lem of orientation," American Museum No-vitates, 1253:1–26.
Reference: [1] T.C. Schneirla (1944) "A unique case of circular milling in ants, considered in rela-tion to trail following and the general prob-lem of orientation," American Museum No-vitates, 1253:1–26.
[2] J. Surowiecki (2004) The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Busi-ness, Economies, Societies and Nations Lit-tle, Brown ISBN 0-316-86173-1
The author of this paper is Gerardo Beni who is famous on the field of swarm intelligence.
This paper is difficult for me to understand the whole meaning, but I still can grasp some of the concepts. The most interesting thing of this paper is that they designed the special swarm unit was called “signpost” which is responsible for the communication between the normal swarm units (detector).
The structure of the swarm must be re-optimized whenever external condition change, and if the total number of units in the swarm remains constant, some units must change the subgroup to which they belong. This is the basic task of self-reorganizing.
The key optimization problem in the sensing swarm design is the optimization of the number of units in each subgroup. Such optimization generally requires the communication of the set of the structures throughout the swarm, and this task was achieved by signposts.
The author of this paper model the swarm as a set composed of two types of members, the (detecting) units and the signposts, circulating in a closed ring with an average speed differential among them. When a detecting unit passes by a signpost the unit can be read, written, or erased by the signpost, and the each signpost will recalculate the average at every completion of a revolution (around the ring).
The model proposed solves the three difficulties in achieving the self-organization, i.e 1)the knowledge of the average value of the external variable; 2)the distributed calculation of the optimized swarm structure; and 3) the achievement of the new swarm structure. For all three operations the key elements are the signposts.